Use of antibiotics in the health care unit: 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the use of the first dose of antibiotics in the health care unit in children from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort at 24 months. METHODS: A total of 4,014 children were monitored. We used descriptive statistics and Poisson regression to analyze the association between socioeconomic and demographic variables, participation in daycare units, in the activities of the Pastoral da Criança and in the Primeira Infância Melhor program, low birth weight, hospitalization between 12 and 24 months, place of medical appointment, prevalence of medical appointment in the last 30 days, prescription of antibiotics, and administration of the first dose in the health care unit. RESULTS: A total of 1,044 children had medical appointments in the last 30 days, of which 45% were prescribed antibiotics and only 10.5% were administered the first dose of this medication in the health care unit. Children with brown, yellow or indigenous skin color were administered 2.5 times more antibiotics than white children. Children whose mothers had 12 years or more of education were administered 83.0% fewer antibiotics than those whose mothers had up to 4 years of education. Among those who were hospitalized for 12 to 24 months, the use of antibiotics was almost four times higher than among those who were not. Among the children served by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), only 15.3% were administered the first dose of antibiotic in the health care unit. When compared with children served by private health care or health plan, administration of the first dose in the SUS was 76.0% higher. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the efforts related to the Pastoral da Criança campaign "Antibiotic: first dose immediately," adherence to the provision of antibiotics in the health care unit is still low. Strategies are necessary and urgent so children have access to the first dose of antibiotics in the health care unit.

Prevalence and associated factors with integrative and complementary practices use in Brazil.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of the use the integrative and complementary practices (ICP) and its associated factors in Brazil. Data was obtained from the cross-sectional National Health Survey 2013 (NHS), which had 145,580 adults aged 18 or over were interviewed. The outcome was the use of any ICP over the last 12 months and independent variables were macro-region, sex, age, educational attainment, skin color/race, and chronic disease. The results show that the prevalence of ICPs use in Brazil was 4.1%, while the most used types were medicinal plants and phytotherapy (2.5%), acupuncture (0.9%) and homeopathy (0.6%). The prevalence of ICPs use was higher in the North Region, among older people, women, participants with higher educational attainment, and with a higher number of chronic diseases. The findings from the current study provide valuable evidence that can inform future evidence-based public policies in Brazil.

Use of antibiotics in the health care unit: 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort / Uso de antibióticos no local do atendimento: Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the use of the first dose of antibiotics in the health care unit in children from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort at 24 months. METHODS A total of 4,014 children were monitored. We used descriptive statistics and Poisson regression to analyze the association between socioeconomic and demographic variables, participation in daycare units, in the activities of the Pastoral da Criança and in the Primeira Infância Melhor program, low birth weight, hospitalization between 12 and 24 months, place of medical appointment, prevalence of medical appointment in the last 30 days, prescription of antibiotics, and administration of the first dose in the health care unit. RESULTS A total of 1,044 children had medical appointments in the last 30 days, of which 45% were prescribed antibiotics and only 10.5% were administered the first dose of this medication in the health care unit. Children with brown, yellow or indigenous skin color were administered 2.5 times more antibiotics than white children. Children whose mothers had 12 years or more of education were administered 83.0% fewer antibiotics than those whose mothers had up to 4 years of education. Among those who were hospitalized for 12 to 24 months, the use of antibiotics was almost four times higher than among those who were not. Among the children served by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), only 15.3% were administered the first dose of antibiotic in the health care unit. When compared with children served by private health care or health plan, administration of the first dose in the SUS was 76.0% higher. CONCLUSIONS Despite the efforts related to the Pastoral da Criança campaign "Antibiotic: first dose immediately," adherence to the provision of antibiotics in the health care unit is still low. Strategies are necessary and urgent so children have access to the first dose of antibiotics in the health care unit.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar o uso da primeira dose do antibiótico no local de atendimento nas crianças da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015 aos 24 meses. MÉTODOS Foram acompanhadas 4.014 crianças. A associação entre variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, participação em creche, nas ações da Pastoral da Criança e no programa Primeira Infância Melhor, baixo peso ao nascer, internação entre 12 e 24 meses, local da consulta, prevalência de consulta nos últimos 30 dias, prescrição de antibióticos e recebimento da primeira dose no local de atendimento foi analisada por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS Tiveram consulta nos últimos 30 dias 1.044 crianças, das quais 45% receberam prescrição de antibiótico e apenas 10,5% receberam a primeira dose dessa medicação no local de atendimento. Crianças de cor da pele parda, amarela ou indígena tiveram um uso de antibiótico 2,5 vezes maior que o das brancas. Já as crianças cujas mães tinham 12 anos ou mais de escolaridade usaram 83,0% menos antibióticos que aquelas cujas mães tinham até quatro anos de estudo. Entre aquelas que foram internadas entre 12 e 24 meses, o uso de antibiótico foi quase quatro vezes maior do que entre as que não foram. Entre as crianças atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), apenas 15,3% receberam a primeira dose do antibiótico no local de atendimento. Quando comparado com o de crianças atendidas por financiamento particular ou convênio, o recebimento da primeira dose no SUS chegou a ser 76,0% superior. CONCLUSÕES Apesar dos esforços relacionados à campanha da Pastoral da Criança "Antibiótico: primeira dose imediata", ainda é baixa a adesão ao fornecimento de antibióticos no local de atendimento. Estratégias são necessárias e urgentes para que as crianças tenham acesso à primeira dose de antibióticos no local de atendimento.

Socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evolution of catastrophic health expenditure and the inequalities in such expenses, according to the socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian families. METHODS: Data from the National Household Budget 2002-2003 (48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (55,970 households) were analyzed. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as excess expenditure, considering different methods of calculation: 10.0% and 20.0% of total consumption and 40.0% of the family's capacity to pay. The National Economic Indicator and schooling were considered as socioeconomic characteristics. Inequality measures utilized were the relative difference between rates, the rates ratio, and concentration index. RESULTS: The catastrophic health expenditure varied between 0.7% and 21.0%, depending on the calculation method. The lowest prevalences were noted in relation to the capacity to pay, while the highest, in relation to total consumption. The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure increased by 25.0% from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 when the cutoff point of 20.0% relating to the total consumption was considered and by 100% when 40.0% or more of the capacity to pay was applied as the cut-off point. Socioeconomic inequalities in the catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 increased significantly, becoming 5.20 times higher among the poorest and 4.17 times higher among the least educated. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in catastrophic health expenditure among Brazilian families, principally among the poorest and those headed by the least-educated individuals, contributing to an increase in social inequality.

Socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil / Desigualdade socioeconômica nos gastos catastróficos em saúde no Brasil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the evolution of catastrophic health expenditure and the inequalities in such expenses, according to the socioeconomic characteristics of Brazilian families. METHODS Data from the National Household Budget 2002-2003 (48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (55,970 households) were analyzed. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as excess expenditure, considering different methods of calculation: 10.0% and 20.0% of total consumption and 40.0% of the family’s capacity to pay. The National Economic Indicator and schooling were considered as socioeconomic characteristics. Inequality measures utilized were the relative difference between rates, the rates ratio, and concentration index. RESULTS The catastrophic health expenditure varied between 0.7% and 21.0%, depending on the calculation method. The lowest prevalences were noted in relation to the capacity to pay, while the highest, in relation to total consumption. The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure increased by 25.0% from 2002-2003 to 2008-2009 when the cutoff point of 20.0% relating to the total consumption was considered and by 100% when 40.0% or more of the capacity to pay was applied as the cut-off point. Socioeconomic inequalities in the catastrophic health expenditure in Brazil between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 increased significantly, becoming 5.20 times higher among the poorest and 4.17 times higher among the least educated. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in catastrophic health expenditure among Brazilian families, principally among the poorest and those headed by the least-educated individuals, contributing to an increase in social inequality. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução dos gastos catastróficos em saúde e as desigualdades nesses gastos, segundo características socioeconômicas das famílias brasileiras. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 (48.470 domicílios) e 2008-2009 (55.970 domicílios). Gasto catastrófico em saúde foi definido como despesas em excesso, considerando diferentes métodos de cálculo: 10,0% e 20,0% do consumo total e 40,0% da capacidade de pagamento da família. Consideraram-se indicadores socioeconômicos o Indicador Econômico Nacional e a escolaridade. As medidas de desigualdade utilizadas foram a diferença relativa entre taxas, razão das taxas e índice de concentração. RESULTADOS Os gastos catastróficos variaram entre 0,7% e 21,0%, a depender do método de cálculo. As menores prevalências foram observadas em relação à capacidade de pagamento, enquanto as maiores, em relação ao total do consumo. Houve aumento na prevalência de gastos catastróficos em saúde de 25,0%, entre 2002-2003 e 2008-2009, quando utilizado o ponto de corte de 20,0% em relação ao total de consumo, e de 100% quando aplicado o ponto de corte de 40,0% da capacidade de pagamento. Houve expressiva e crescente desigualdade socioeconômica na prevalência de gasto catastrófico em saúde no Brasil entre 2002-2003 e 2008-2009, chegando a ser 5,2 vezes maior o gasto catastrófico entre os mais pobres e 4,2 vezes maior nos menos escolarizados. CONCLUSÕES Houve crescimento da prevalência do gasto catastrófico entre as famílias brasileiras, principalmente entre aquelas mais pobres e chefiadas por indivíduos menos escolarizados, contribuindo para o aumento das desigualdades socioeconômicas. .

[Access to medicines in the public sector: analysis of users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Acesso a medicamentos no setor público: análise de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil.

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of access to medicines in the Brazilian Unified National Health System and associated factors among patients that received prescriptions in the public system. The study analyzed data from the National Household Sample Survey (2008). The sample consisted of individuals with prescriptions written in the National Health System in the two weeks prior to the interview (n = 19,427). The dependent variable was access to all the prescribed medicines inside the system itself. Slightly fewer than half of the sample with prescriptions received the medicines in the public health system; the proportions were higher in the South of Brazil, among black patients, those with less schooling and lower income, and those registered in the Family Health Strategy. When analyzing prescriptions written by the private sector, access to all the prescribed drugs was associated with higher income, higher education, and white skin color. The results emphasize the need for policies to decrease inequalities in access to medicines in Brazil.

Acesso a medicamentos no setor público: análise de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil / Access to medicines in the public sector: analysis of users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Acceso a medicamentos en el sector público: análisis de usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of access to medicines in the Brazilian Unified National Health System and associated factors among patients that received prescriptions in the public system. The study analyzed data from the National Household Sample Survey (2008). The sample consisted of individuals with prescriptions written in the National Health System in the two weeks prior to the interview (n = 19,427). The dependent variable was access to all the prescribed medicines inside the system itself. Slightly fewer than half of the sample with prescriptions received the medicines in the public health system; the proportions were higher in the South of Brazil, among black patients, those with less schooling and lower income, and those registered in the Family Health Strategy. When analyzing prescriptions written by the private sector, access to all the prescribed drugs was associated with higher income, higher education, and white skin color. The results emphasize the need for policies to decrease inequalities in access to medicines in Brazil.

Objetivou-se descrever a prevalência e os fatores associados ao acesso de usuários a medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que tiveram prescrição no próprio sistema público. Analisaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios conduzida em 2008, no Brasil. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos que tiveram medicamentos receitados no SUS nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista (n = 19.427). A variável dependente foi o acesso à totalidade de remédios receitados no sistema. Pouco menos da metade da população que teve medicamentos prescritos os obteve no próprio sistema público, número mais elevado entre os habitantes da Região Sul, os de cor de pele preta, com menor escolaridade e renda e entre aqueles que residem em domicílios cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Quando se considerou a obtenção desses fármacos via setor privado, verificou-se maior acesso total para os mais ricos, com maior escolaridade e brancos. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de políticas que diminuam as desigualdades no acesso a medicamentos no país.

Se tuvo como objetivo describir la prevalencia y los factores asociados al acceso de usuarios a medicamentos en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y que recibieron prescripción en el propio sistema público. Se analizaron los datos de la Investigación Nacional por Muestreo de Domicilios, llevada a cabo en 2008, en Brasil. La muestra estaba compuesta por individuos a quienes les recetaron medicamentos en el SUS las dos semanas anteriores a la entrevista (n = 19.427). La variable dependiente fue el acceso a la totalidad de medicamentos recetados en el sistema. Poco menos de la mitad de la población que tenía medicamentos prescritos los obtuvo en el propio sistema público, el número más elevado fue entre los habitantes de la Región Sur, los afrobrasileños con menor escolaridad y renta, y entre aquellos que residen en domicilios registrados en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Cuando se consideró la obtención de esos fármacos vía sector privado, se verificó un mayor acceso total para los más ricos, con mayor escolaridad y blancos. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de políticas que disminuyan las desigualdades en el acceso a medicamentos en el país.

Desigualdades socioeconômicas nos gastos e comprometimento da renda com medicamentos no Sul do Brasil / Socioeconomic inequalities in expenditures and income committed to the purchase of medicines in Southern Brazil / Desigualdades socioeconómicas en los gastos y comprometimiento de la renta con medicamentos en el Sur de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever as desigualdades socioeconômicas referentes ao uso, gastos e comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 1.720 adultos de área urbana de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009. Realizou-se a seleção da amostra por conglomerados e as unidades primárias foram os setores censitários. Investigou-se o uso de medicamentos e os gastos com sua compra nos 30 dias anteriores, por meio de entrevista. Uso, gasto e comprometimento de renda devido a medicamentos foram analisados segundo a renda familiar per capita, a cor da pele auto-referida, idade e o sexo dos indivíduos, ajustado para amostra complexa. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 76,5 por cento (IC95 por cento: 73,8;79,3), maior entre as mulheres e naqueles com maior idade. A média de gastos com medicamentos foi igual a R$ 46,70, com valores mais elevados entre as mulheres, os brancos, os com idade mais elevada e entre os mais ricos. Enquanto 3,1 por cento dos mais ricos comprometeram mais de 15 por cento de seus rendimentos na compra de medicamentos, esse valor chegou a 9,6 por cento nos mais pobres. A proporção de pessoas que tiveram de comprar medicamentos após tentativa fracassada de obtenção pelo Sistema Único de Saúde foi maior entre os mais pobres (11,0 por cento), mulheres (10,2 por cento) e naqueles com maior idade (11,1 por cento). Grande parte dos adultos comprou medicamentos contidos na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (19,9 por cento) ou na Relação Municipal de Medicamentos Essenciais (28,6 por cento), com diferenças significativas segundo sexo, idade e renda. CONCLUSÕES: Existe desigualdade socioeconômica, de idade e de gênero no comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos, com piores condições para os mais pobres, os de maior idade e para as mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: To describe socioeconomic inequalities regarding the use, expenditures and the income committed to the purchase of medicines. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with 1,720 adults living in the urban area of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, in 2009. Cluster sampling was adopted and census tracts were the primary sampling units. Use of medicines and the expenditures incurred in their purchase in the past 30 days were investigated through interviews. Use, expenditures and the income committed concerning medicines were analyzed according to per capita family income, self-reported skin color, age and sex, adjusting for the complex sample. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use was 76.5 percent (95 percentCI: 73.8; 79.3), higher among women and in older individuals. The mean expenditure on medicine was R$ 46.70, with higher values among women, whites, older individuals and among richer people. While 3.1 percent of the richest committed more than 15 percent of their income to purchasing medicine, that figure reached 9.6 percent in the poorest group. The proportion of people that had to buy medicines after an unsuccessful attempt to obtain them in the public health system was higher among the poor (11.0 percent), women (10.2 percent) and the elderly (11.1 percent). A large part of the adults bought medicines contained in the National List of Essential Medicines (19.9 percent) or in the Municipal List of Essential Medicines (28.6 percent), with significant differences according to gender, age and income. CONCLUSIONS: There is socioeconomic, age and gender inequality in the income committed to the purchase of medicines, with worse conditions for the poor, older individuals and women.

OBJETIVO: Describir las desigualdades socioeconómicas relacionadas con el uso, gastos y comprometimiento de la renta con la compra de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional con 1.720 adultos de área urbana de Florianópolis, Sur de Brasil en 2009. Se realizó la selección de la muestra por conglomerados y las unidades primarias fueron los sectores censitarios. Se investigó el uso de medicamentos y los gastos con su compra en los 30 días anteriores, por medio de entrevista. Uso, gasto y comprometimiento de renta debido a medicamentos fueron analizados según la renta familiar per capita, el color de la piel auto-referida, edad y el sexo de los individuos, ajustado para muestra compleja. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del uso de medicamentos fue de 76,5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento:73,8;79,3), mayor entre las mujeres y en aquellos con edad avanzada. El promedio de gastos con medicamentos fue igual a R$ 46,70, con valores más elevados entre las mujeres, los blancos, los de edad más elevada y entre los más ricos. Mientras que 3,1 por ciento de los más ricos comprometieron más de 15 por ciento de sus rendimientos en la compra de medicamentos, ese valor llegó a 9,6 por ciento en los más pobres. La proporción de personas que tuvieron que comprar medicamentos posterior al intento fracasado de obtenerlos por el Sistema Único de Salud fue mayor entre los más pobres (11,0 por ciento), mujeres (10,2 por ciento) y en aquellos con edad avanzada (11,1 por ciento). Gran parte de los adultos compró medicamentos ubicados en la Relación Nacional de Medicamentos Esenciales (19,9 por ciento) o en la Relación Municipal de Medicamentos Esenciales (28,6 por ciento), con diferencias significativas según sexo, edad y renta. CONCLUSIONES: Existe desigualdad socioeconómica, de edad y de género en el comprometimiento de renta con la compra de medicamentos, con peores condiciones para los más pobres, los de edad avanzada y para las mujeres.

Socioeconomic inequalities in expenditures and income committed to the purchase of medicines in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe socioeconomic inequalities regarding the use, expenditures and the income committed to the purchase of medicines. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with 1,720 adults living in the urban area of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, in 2009. Cluster sampling was adopted and census tracts were the primary sampling units. Use of medicines and the expenditures incurred in their purchase in the past 30 days were investigated through interviews. Use, expenditures and the income committed concerning medicines were analyzed according to per capita family income, self-reported skin color, age and sex, adjusting for the complex sample. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use was 76.5% (95%CI: 73.8; 79.3), higher among women and in older individuals. The mean expenditure on medicine was R$ 46.70, with higher values among women, whites, older individuals and among richer people. While 3.1% of the richest committed more than 15% of their income to purchasing medicine, that figure reached 9.6% in the poorest group. The proportion of people that had to buy medicines after an unsuccessful attempt to obtain them in the public health system was higher among the poor (11.0%), women (10.2%) and the elderly (11.1%). A large part of the adults bought medicines contained in the National List of Essential Medicines (19.9%) or in the Municipal List of Essential Medicines (28.6%), with significant differences according to gender, age and income. CONCLUSIONS: There is socioeconomic, age and gender inequality in the income committed to the purchase of medicines, with worse conditions for the poor, older individuals and women.